电化学脱稳技术处理油田含聚污水

采用"电化学除油器—斜板除油器—核桃壳过滤器"模拟装置处理模拟含聚采油污水,考察了有/无清水剂加入条件下含聚污水的处理效果,并对电化学除油机理进行了分析。实验结果表明:各级处理单元的除油率与电化学处理时间成正比,不加入清水剂、电化学处理40 min时,各级处理单元的除油率均超过92%;在电化学除油器前加入清水剂100 mg/L、电化学处理20 min时,各级处理单元的除油率分别为98.8%~99.4%,处理后污水含油量小于30 mg/L,处理效果优于在斜板除油器前加入清水剂;电化学处理与清水剂处理有良好的协同除油效果,可大幅降低清水剂用量。机理分析结果表明,电化学作用主要使吸附于油-水界面的产出聚合物降解、脱稳,实现了对油-水界面膜强度和界面电荷的有效破坏,除油效果优异且处理后的絮体松散、无黏附性。     

双亲型清水剂处理油田含聚污水

考察了双亲型清水剂QS-03对油田含聚污水处理效果的影响因素,并对其作用机理进行了分析。实验结果表明:当清水剂QS-03的亲水性与亲油性功能基团的摩尔比为2∶1、清水剂加入量大于等于200 mg/L时,处理后污水澄清透明,污水含油量由4 540 mg/L大幅降至26~45 mg/L;在处理温度为50~80℃和污水含油量为3 200~5 800 mg/L的范围内,清水剂QS-03均表现出良好的清水效果,生成的絮体呈松散状,具有良好的流动性。机理分析结果表明,双亲型清水剂QS-03可有效破坏油-水界面双电层、降低界面膜强度,并且与污水中阴离子聚合物的相互作用大幅减弱,因而在高效清水除油的同时可有效避免含聚污水处理中的黏性"含聚油泥"问题。     

Methane Fluxes from a Wetland using the Flux-Gradient Technique The Measurement of Methane Flux from a Natural Wetland Pond and Adjacent Vegetated Wetlands using a TDL-Based Flux-Gradient Technique

Methane emissions were measured from a bog andlake in the Experimental Lakes Area in Northern Ontario in 1992and 1993, prior to and following flooding. Bog fluxes were smallin 1992 (0.27 mg m^-2 d^-1) but increased 5-fold in 1993 afterflooding. Over the bog, there was a diel cycle of nighttimeemission and daytime uptake in 1992 in contrast to constantemission in 1993. Lake emissions decreased after flooding butwere much greater than bog emissions in both years (average = 7.3 mg m^-2 d^-1). Seasonally, the bog flux was correlated withground temperatures after flooding. In 1992, lake fluxes werecorrelated with air temperature on a daily basis. In contrast,seasonal lake fluxes were correlated with water and sedimenttemperatures in 1992, but only with sediment temperatures in1993. These results are explained with respect to the effects offlooding on lake and bog dynamics.     

PDMDAAC阳离子膨润土处理染料废水的研究

采用聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)对膨润土进行改性,制得阳离子膨润土,研究其电动特性及对染料废水的脱色效果．结果表明,与膨润土相比,阳离子膨润土的表面电性发生了变化;处理染料废水的效果明显提高,而且在强酸性和强碱性条件下对染料废水的脱色效果最好．     

Upstream Addicks–Barker reservoir damages during Hurricane Harvey: A case study of urban hydrology and policy failure in Houston,TX

Addicks and Barker reservoirs were built in the 1940s to protect downtown Houston from flooding and have generally worked very well until 2017 when Hurricane Harvey devastated much of Houston and surroundings with up to 40 inches (102 cm) of rainfall causing flooding of 154,000 homes in over 22 watersheds in Houston/Harris County alone. However, the story of how Addicks and Barker flooded upstream residential areas from a hydrologic standpoint is a harsh lesson in flood infrastructure policy and funding. This failure to protect both downstream properties in Buffalo Bayou and upstream areas behind the dams ended up with tens of thousands of flooded homes and properties, with many having flood waters for over 10 days. This paper explores the main causes for the flooding and addresses the hydrologic issues upstream in both reservoirs. The main causes of flooding were not just related to a massive rainfall event, but also explosive urban expansion of land use upstream of reservoirs, altered and updated reservoir design issues, and lack of governmental action in the years leading up to the disaster. Potential long-term solutions to the flooding and design problems are addressed in this article as well.     

含铝离子的聚硅酸絮凝剂研究

以硅酸钠、硫骏、硫酸铝为原料制备含右铝离子的聚硅酸絮凝剂(简称PSAA),试验它的絮凝特性及影响因素,并与聚合氯化铝(简称PAC)的絮凝效果进行比较。实验结果表明,铝离子的含量对PSAA的絮凝特性影响很大,当Al~(3+)/siO_2的摩尔比为1时絮凝效果最好,在pH=5—10的范围内,PSAA具有良好的絮凝效果。与PAC相比,PSAA具有絮凝效果好、价格低廉、适用的pH范围较宽等特点。     

树脂基复合材料模拟海洋环境长期老化及失效行为

目的 实现高性能树脂基复合材料的环境适应性评价和使用寿命预测。方法 选取玻璃纤维增强不饱和聚酯(GF/197S)与玻璃纤维增强乙烯基脂(GF/905-2)2种树脂基轻质复合材料,开展模拟海洋环境实验室盐雾、湿热和盐水浸泡环境9 600 h的加速老化试验。基于4种力学性能(拉伸强度、弯曲强度、压缩强度及层间剪切强度)开展材料老化行为规律研究,利用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)对树脂基体在3种加速老化环境中的分子链段与官能团变化情况进行分析,得到基体树脂的老化机理。利用外观、超声扫描成像、SEM分析树脂纤维界面的变化情况,明确树脂/纤维界面的失效模式。利用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)与热重分析(TG)分析3种加速老化方式对玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRPC)的玻璃化转变温度(tg)与热质量损失的影响。结果 3种老化方式对树脂基体的老化影响顺序依次为70 ℃/95%RH湿热、35 ℃盐雾、常温盐水浸泡。结论 得到了先进轻质树脂基复合材料的模拟海洋环境老化行为、失效模式以及树脂基体的老化机理,为实现高性能树脂基复合材料的环境适应性评价和使用寿命预测奠定了基础。     

高效去除重金属的改性聚合物膜研究进展

概述了改性聚合物膜在重金属去除领域的应用及研究进展,介绍了表面改性、共混改性以及支撑层改性等改性方法。分析了改性聚合物膜表面或基体内部的官能团与功能材料对重金属去除效果的影响及主要作用机理。指出:支撑层改性可以有效提高膜基体孔内负载吸附剂的分散性进而提高重金属吸附量,但改性聚合物膜的稳定性有待进一步评估和提升。     

PCR技术在水体微生物检测中的应用

聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术因其特异性强、灵敏度高以及快速简便等优点广泛应用于水体微生物的检测。综述了PCR技术的原理、方法及其在水体微生物检测中的研究进展。主要介绍了该技术应用于水环境中微生物病原体的检测、污水生物处理过程的监测与评价中的重要意义以及本实验室在该领域的研究进展。PCR技术为在分子水平上进行环境微生物的结构、多样性分析提供了有力的实验手段,有着广泛的应用前景。     

CFRP加固高强混凝土梁锚固方式试验研究

高强混凝土梁受拉底面粘贴补强纤维布后,延性降低显著。为提高补强梁的综合性能,利用四点弯曲梁静载试验,在补强加固梁梁端及跨中实施不同的锚固方式,对比不同锚固组合下加固梁的强度和延性。研究表明:端部U锚能改善加固梁破坏模式,提高加固梁的延性和强度及补强纤维布的利用率。端部U锚联合跨中全包锚固能进一步提高加固梁的延性,显著提高补强纤维布的利用率,且能平衡变形性和承载力在安全储备中的比重;在补强纤维布断裂后,能有效限制补强纤维布的剥离和滑移,继续发挥补强作用,使加固梁延性和强度得以恢复;能对包裹区混凝土产生约束作用,提高混凝土的延性。因此端部U锚联合跨中全包锚固是合理且有充分安全储备的锚固方式。